Umbrella



Nov. 12, 1940. E. OKUN UMBRELLA Filed April 1'7, 1940 3 SheetsSheet l iNVENTOR EDWARD OKUN ATTORNEYS Nov. 12, 1940. E. OKUN 2,221,289

UMBRELLA Fla 9 Fig.10

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Fr 40 4o 7 INVENTOR EDWARD OKUN Y Nov. 12, 1940. E, OKUN 2,221,289

UMBRELLA Filed April 17, 1940 3 Sheets-Sheet 5 I INVENTOR. EDWARD OKUN A TTORNEYS Patented Nov. 12, 1940 UMBRELLA 1 Edward Okun, New York, N-..Y., assignor to "Amercan Folding Umbrella Corporation, New York,

N. Y., a corporation of New York- Application April 17, 1940, Serial N'o. 330,037

20 Claims.

direction of the closed side of the channel. The

ribs are made broader and shallower than the Spreaders, and can be bent in the direction of the open side of the channel, but even these ,can not be bent beyond a limited amount, for other- Wise the metal will give and the ribwill remain set in its bent position. The channels are formed of thin sheet metal and must be tempered exactly right, for otherwise they will collapse when put,

under bending stress. Professional umbrella buyers commonly test anumbrella by pulling the middle of the spreader in order to bend the same and so reveal weakness resulting from improper tempering. It is very difficult to obtain the exact desired uniform temper when working with;

a thin sheet metal channel;

If the umbrella is blown inside out by a strong Wind, it is ruined, for the stiif nature of the channel ribs will not permit the umbrella to be drawn 1 back to proper position.

The channel structure presents other difiiculties, It is not practicable to electro-plate, and, therefore, is commonly enamelled or painted. The paint wears off, particularly at the sharp edges where the coating is always very thin. This permits rusting, which also invariably takes place at the pivots because of the wear at those pivots. Rust shortens the life of the umbrella.

The primary object of my invention is to gen- 9 erally improve umbrellas, and to overcome the foregoing difficulties and disadvantages. In accordance with my invention, each rib and spreader is preferably made of a pair of collaterally disposed spring wires. These wires may 5 be of ordinary roundsection, thereby minimizing their cost. They may be made oi steel, and are readily u'nif ormly tempered. They are flexible in all directions, and if the umbrella is blown insideout by a particularly strong wind, it may be restored to useful condition by simply pulling the runner along the stick as though closing the umbrella. The ribs and spreaders are readily 'electro-plated and so may be coated with nickel, chromium, or, in the case of more expensive 1 umbrellas, with gold. Connections at the nds of la stick, ribs ((1135-31) I it.

the ribs and spreaders are made through "special, fittings preferably formedout of sheet brass, although other non-rusting material, 's'i'ich' -"a's" nickel-silver, may be used. The finished name has a beautiful appearance which-is setoff to 5' good advantage by its contrast with the fabric covering of the umbrella. The frame is rus'tproof and long lived. It is light in weight and closes compactly. H

To the accomplishment of the foregoing and it other objects, which will hereinafter appear, my; invention consists in the umbrella frame'elements and their relation one to the other, as hereinafterfare more particularly described in the; specification and sought to be defined in the T5 claims. The specification is accompanied; by drawings, inv'rhich: I f

Fig. 1 is a pe'fsp ctive view showing a. single ribv andspreader in open condition; I

Fig. 2 is a similar view showing the relation 20. sometimes taken by the parts when the umbrella is turned inside out; w

'Fig, 3*illustrates how the umbrella may be restored tonormal conditionby pulling the run ner along the stick; 7

Fig is a side elevation of a rib and spreader with the parts drawrrto enlarged scale; I

Fig. 5 is a bottom planview of a spreader'attached to a runner, the tubular stick being shown in section; I

Fig. 6 is a bottom plan View spreader removed; 7 w I, r w

Figs. 7, 8, 9 and 10 are top and side and end elevations, respectively, of an, end pivot fitting in open condition; g Q

Figs. 11 and 12 are front andend elevations, respectively, of a fitting intended to .be'ap'plied to a rib to pivotallyreceive. a spreader;

Figs. l3 'and 14 are front andend elevations, respectively, of an end tip fitting;

Fig. 15 is ,a'transverse section across, any of the fittings; ,7 l

Fig. 16 illustrates the .roughening or knurling of a wire to receive a fitting; 1

Fig. 17 shows an umbrella embodying features 5 ofmy invention, the umbrella being in open con-, dition; and

Fig. 18 is a generally similar view showing the umbrella blown inside out \m'thout injury.

Referring to the drawings, and more particu- 50; larly to Fig. 6, the'umbrella rib comprises a collaterally disposed pair of wires I2 and I4. These are preferably round steel spring Wires. They are provided with an end pivot fitting l6, a conhector fitting I18, and an end tip fitting 20. The

a a rib with the of an umbrella stick 32 in any known manner.

The umbrella stick is preferably a duraluminum tube, this having the advantage of being light in weight, and being beautifully, lustrously colored, if desired, by known electro-chemical processing.

The end tip fitting 26 of the spreader is similarly pivotally received in one of the radial slots of a suitable runner 34, which is slidable on stick 32. The end pivot fitting 26 of the spreader is received in the connector fitting N3 of the rib. It will be understood that the rib wires and the spreader wires lie in planes transverse to the umbrella stick, when the umbrella is open, that is, they are side by side in horizontal direction when the stick is vertical. The end tip fitting 20 of the rib preferably receives a conventional ornamental tip 36.

In Fig. 1 the parts are shown in the position which they assume when the umbrella is open, the runner 34 being disposed above the main catch 38. The relation of the parts is such that the umbrella is not readily turned or blown inside out. However, if subjected to an unusually high wind or gale it may be turned inside out, the parts then assuming the relation shown in Fig. 2. Because of the nature of the round spring wires used for the ribs, they are not injured by being bent in the reverse direction shown in Fig. 2. In most of the ribs the wires remain side by side in simple collateral relation. Often, however, one wire crosses the other, as is shown in the drawing. To restore the umbrella to useful condition, it is merely necessary to draw the runner 34 downwardly on stick 32, the catch 38 being pushed inwardly, of course, to permit the necessary downward movement, just as when closing any ordinary umbrella. As the runner 34 moves downwardly, the ribs are pulled into a more sharply defined curvature, as is shown in solid lines in Fig. 3. There is a critical point, however, at which further movement of the runner causes the ribs to spring from the reversely curved position, shown in solid lines, to the straight position, shown in broken lines. At this time any crossed wires resume their original collateral relation. The umbrella may then be either closed or opened in the normal way. This feature of the umbrella is also illustrated by comparison of Figs. 17 and 18 of the drawings. In Fig. 17 the umbrella is shown in its normal open condition. Fig. 18 is a similar View looking in the same general direction, but with the umbrella shown turned or blown inside out. The reverse curvature is readily accommodated by the collaterally disposed round spring wires, and no injury results.

For a more detailed description of the construction of the umbrella, reference is next made to Figs. 7 through 10 of the drawing which show an end pivot fitting prior to its attachment to the spring wires. The fitting is formed out of sheetbrass or other suitable and preferably rustproof metal. The brass is preferably one-quarter hard when in sheet form, and is brought up to one-half hard by the working of the metal in its shaping die. While the dimension is not critical, I have obtained excellent results using brass having a thickness of .025 inch.

The entire fitting is formed of a single piece of metal and comprises side walls 40 joined by a connecting wall 42. It is these walls that are curled or folded around and compressed against the ends of the spring wires, as will be clear from inspection of the fitting 26 in Fig. 5, and the showing of Fig. 15.

Projecting beyond the ends of the wires, the fitting comprises bearing walls 44 connected by an integral web 46. The side walls 44 are perforated at 48 to receive a suitable pivot, such as the wire commonly used on a rib retainer or on a runner. The walls 44 are shown with a small space therebetween, but this may be closed up if desired when the fitting is clamped on the wires. The only advantage of closing the walls 44 is to adapt the same to be received in theslots of a conventional rib retainer and runner.

It will be observed that the parts 44, 46 are preferably offset downwardly from the parts 40, 42. This makes it possible for the perforations 48 to be oifset from the plane of the wires. Thus, referring to Fig. 4, the'fitting I6 is so faced as to bring the pivot nearer the rib retainer 30. The fitting 26 is so faced as to bring its pivot nearer the runner 34. The fitting 28 is so faced as to bring its pivot near the connector [8. On reflection, it will be understood that this relation of the parts makes it possible for the umbrella to close compactly with the spreaders nested parallel to the ribs and both nested parallel to the stick. The end pivot fittings 26 and 28 on the spreader are alike, but are faced in opposite directions. This will also be seen in Fig. 5 in which the open side of fitting 26 is visible in contrast with the closed side of fitting 28.

Referring now to Figs. 11 and 12, the connector fitting consists of a piece of sheet brass bent to form side walls 50 connected by a bottom wall 52, the side walls having perforated ears 54 projecting upwardly therefrom. A somewhat lighter weight of metal may be used for this fitting, and I have had good results using brass .020 in thickness. It will be understood that the fitting is shown in open condition in Figs. 11

and 12. When it is applied to the rib wires, the side walls 50 are curled or folded about the wires and compressed tightly thereagainst. This brings the ears 54 to closer spacing, as is best shown in Fig. 6. It will be understood that a section across either end of fitting l8 would be substantially the same as that shown in Fig. 15.

The end tip fitting is shown in Figs. 13 and 14. This is also preferably formed of .020 thickness of sheet brass. It comprises side walls 56 joined by an integral bottom wall 58. Narrower side walls 60 project beyond the walls 56. In fact, the blank, if in fiat condition, would be somewhat T-shaped, but with the parts exaggeratedly broad. When the fitting is applied to the wires, the walls 56 are folded or curled about the ends of the wires and compressed thereagainst. At the same time the narrower walls 60 are curled around to form a single tubular extension projecting midway between the wires as is shown at 62 in Figs. 4 and 6. This tubular projection is adapted to receive the ornamental fitting 36 (Fig. 4).

The dimension of the steel spring wires is not critical, but I have obtained good results using ceive: the fittings.

and .062 inchin diameter for: the: spreaders.

While, perhaps, not. essential,. the end'sroi the wires are preferably roughened or knurledto res is indicatedin. Fig; 16..

A simple die may be used having two V -Shaped' portions which are strucktoward one another: on opposite sides of the Wire: in a suitable: press, thereby making. four lines of ridges or: indentations. much softer than the steel'-spring 'wire;.and consequently when the fittings are clamped-or compressed tightly against the wires the parts are interlockedj with a secure engagement. The ribwires I2 and M may also be knurled at an intermediate point where the connector fitting l-8- is attached.

After the fittings have been appliedto the wires, the partsmay be electro-plated' with any desired finish, such as nickel, chromium, 1 or gold plating.

It is believed that the construction and operation, as well as the many advantages of my improved umbrella, will be apparent from the fore: I going detailed description thereof. The umbrella opens with a luxuriant, smooth, velvety feeling. This is due not only to the flexibility of the ribs, but probably to some extent because oi a. longitudinal compressibility of the Spreaders, tor the wires may spread apart somewhat under longi tudinal compression, ,as-is. indicated by the. wires 22 and 24 in Fig. 5. When the umbrella is open the spreaders may be pulled or shaken Without damage for they bend freely'andf the ribs tend. to

bend somewhat along with the spreaders. .In.

windy Weather the umbrella may be held against the wind, and the entire rib and spreader structure yields somewhat,as may be necessary at one. point or another, to buiTet the wind,.without dam.-v age to the parts. If a strong wind is. inadvere. tently caught inside the umbrella, so that. the. umbrella happens to be turned inside out,.' it.

can be pulled back to initial condition without. damage. The pivotal or working parts of the umbrella are made of nonwferrous or rust-proof metal, and the entire frame may. be platedwith a rust-proof coating, When. plated with nickel,

chromium, or gold, the frame. has. a beautif-ul contrasting appearance with. the fabric of; the

umbrella. The par-ts being made of round wires,

they are flexible inall. directions. and. have no;

sharp edges where they may be imperiectly coated and where rust might begin.

It will be apparent that whilevli have shown and described my invention in a preferred form,

many changes and modifications may be made in the structure disclosed without departing from the spirit of the invention as sought to; be de:-

fined in the following claims.

I claim:

1. An umbrella comprising an umbrella stick,

rib retainer, ribs, and Spreaders, each of the ribs of said umbrella comprising a pair of collaterally" disposed wires extending un interruptedly from the rib retainer to the tip of" the rib, said wires being individual separatenormallygstraight wires; lying in a plane transverse to: the umbrella stick I when the umbrella is open,. said wires; over most:

of their length being relatively movable. for'maximum flexibility of the structure.

2. An umbrella comprising anumbrella stick,

rib retainer, ribs, and: spreaders, each of theribs of said umbrella comprising a pair of collaterally disposed round. steel. spring-wires:.extendingwum The fittings, while moderately hard, are

structure.

r 5. An: umbrella. comprising; an umbrella stick,

interruptedly from the rib retainertofthetin of the:'rib-,1Esaid .wires being individual: separate normally-straight wires lying; in a plane transverse tor the'umbrella. stick whenv the umbrella is open, said" wires over most. of. their length: being relatively movable. for maximum. flexibility of. the structure.

3-. An: umbrella. comprising; an umbrella stick, ribs runner; and Spreaders, each of said spreaders comprising a pair of: collaterally disposed wires extending from: the runner to a rib, said wires being individual separate:normallyestraight wires lyin'gdn. a plane transverse to: the umbrella stick when; the umbrella is open, said; wires over: most oftheir length beingrelativelymoyable; for-maxirib. retainer, .ribsyrunner, and Spreaders, each of'said ribs comprising." a pair of collaterally arranged wires extending uninterruptedly from the rib retainer tothe tip of the rib and each of. said spreaderscomprising a pair of collaterally arranged wires: extending from. the runner to a rib, said Wires being individual-separatenormallystraight, wires-clyingin. a plane transverse to the umbrella stick when: the umbrella is. open, said wires over most of. their length being relatively movable for maximum flexibility-of the structure.

6; An: umbrella comprising an umbrella stick, rib retainer, ribs; runner, and spreaders, 'ea'ch. ofsaid. ribs comprising a pair of collaterally arranged roundsteel spring wires extending unbeing, relatively movable for maximum flexibility of the structure;

7-. An end; pivot fitting: for an? umbrella part comprising; a pair-of collateral wires, said end pivot fitting being made ofv sheet brass or like rust proof 'metal and-havinga part curled around and compressed against the end of one of the wires and another. part curled about and com-.- pressed against the end of the collateral wire, the remainder of. said fitting, projecting beyond the ends of the wires and being shaped to form adjacent parallel side walls which are substantially-onset from the plane of the wires and periorated at. a; point substantially ofiset. from. the plane of the wires toreceive a pivot.

8-. umbrella comprising an umbrella'stick, aribretainer, ribs and Spreaders, each of said ribs comprising? a pair of collaterally arranged wires extending uninterruptedly from the rib re.-. tainer to the ribtip, and an end tip fitting consisting of:a:sheet metal body having a part curled aroundand compressed against the outer end of one of the wires, and having anotherxpart curled wires being individual separate no'rn'ially-straight wires lying in a plane transverse to the umbrella stick when the umbrella is open, said wires over most of their length being relatively maximum flexibility of the structure.

9. An umbrella comprising an umbrella stick, a rib retainer, ribs, and spreaders, each of said ribs comprising a pair of collaterally arranged wires extending uninterruptedly from the rib retainer to the rib tip, an end pivot fitting for connecting the inner ends of said wires together and to the rib retainer, said fitting comprising a piece of sheet metal having a part curled around and compressed against the end of one of the wires and another part curled about and compressed against the end of the collateral wire, the remainder of said fitting projecting beyond the ends of the wires and being shaped to form adjacent parallel side walls, said side walls being offset from the plane of the wires and being perforated to receive the pivot of the rib retainer, said wires beingindividual separate normallystraight wires lying in a plane transverse to the umbrella stick when the umbrella is open, said wires over most of their length being relatively movable for maxium flexibility of the structure.

10. An umbrella comprising an umbrella stick, a rib retainer, ribs, and spreaders, each of said ribs comprising a pair of collaterally arranged wires extending uninterruptedly from the rib removable for tainer to the rib tip, an end pivot fitting for connecting the inner ends of said wires together and to a rib retainer, said fitting comprising a piece of sheet metal having a part curled around and compressed against the end of one of the wires and another part curled about and compressed against the end of the collateral wire,'the re- .mainder of said fitting projecting beyond the ends of the wires and being'shaped to form adjacent parallel side walls perforated to receive the pivot of the rib retainer, and an end tip fitting consisting of a sheet metal body having a part curled around and compressed against the outer end of one of the wires, and having a part curled around and compressed against the outer end of the other wire while the remainder of the fitting projects beyond the ends of the wire for receiving a conventional ornamental tip, said wires being individual separate normally-straight wires lying in a plane transverse to the umbrella stick when the umbrella is open, said wires over most of their length being relatively movable for maximum flexibility of the structure.

11. An umbrella comprising an umbrella stick, a rib retainer, ribs, and spreaders, each of said ribs comprising a pair of collaterally arranged round steel spring wires extending uninterruptedly from the rib retainer to the rib tip, and

having knurled ends, an end pivot fitting for connecting the inner ends of said wires together and to the rib retainer, said fitting comprising a piece of sheet brass or like rust-proof sheet metal having a part curled around and compressed against the knurled end of one of the wires and another part curled about and compressed against the knurled end of the collateral wire, the remainder of said fitting projecting be yond theends of the wires and being shaped to form adjacent parallel side walls which are connected by an integral web of metal, said side walls being offset from the plane of the wires and being perforated to receive the pivot of the rib retainer, and an end tip fitting consisting of a somewh'at' T-shaped sheet'metal body made of brass-or like rust-proof metal, the upper part of the T-shaped body having one end knurled around'and compressed against the outer end of one of the wires, and having its other end curled around and compressed against the outer end of the other wire while the remainder of the fitting projects beyond the ends of the wire and is curled to itself form a single tubular end for receiving a conventional ornamental tip, said wires being-individual separate normally-straight wires lying in a plane transverse to the umbrella stick when the umbrella is open, said Wires over most of their length being relatively movable for maximum flexibility of the structure.

- 12. An umbrella comprising an umbrella stick, ribs, and spreaders, each of said spreaders comprising a pair of collaterally disposed wires, and an endpivot fitting at each end of the spreader, each of said fittings being made of sheet metal and having a part curled around and compressed against the end of one of the wires and another part curledabout and compressed against the end of the collateral wire, the remainder of said fitting projecting beyond the ends of the wires and being shaped to form adjacent parallel side walls which are perforated to receive a pivot,

said wires beingv individual separate normallystraight wires lying in a plane transverse to the umbrella stick when the umbrella is open, said wires over most of their length being relatively movable for maximum flexibility of the structure.

13. An'umbrella comprising an umbrella stick, ribs, and spreaders, each of said spreaders comprising a pair of collaterally disposed round steel spring wires having knurled ends, and an end pivot fitting at each end of the spreader, each of said fittings being made of sheet brass or like rust-proof sheet metal and having a part curled around and compressed against the knurled end of one of the wires and another part curled about and compressed against the knurled end of the collateral wire, the remainder of said fitting projecting beyond the ends of the wires and being shaped to form adjacent parallel side walls which are connected by an integral web of metal, said -walls being perforated to receive a pivot, said wires being individual separate normallystraight wires lying in a plane transverse tothe umbrella stick when the umbrella is open, said wires overmost of their length being relatively movable for maximum flexibility of the structure.

14. An'umbrella comprising an umbrella stick, ribs, and spreaders, each of said spreaders comprising a pair of collaterally disposed wires, and an end pivot fitting at each end of the spreader, each of said fittingsbeing made of sheet metal and having a part curled around and compressed against the end of one of the wires and another part curled about and compressed against the end of the collateral wire, the remainder of said fitting projecting beyond the ends of the wires and beingshaped to form adjacent parallel side ,walls, said walls'being offset from the plane of the wires and perforated to receive a pivot, the fitting at one end of the spreader facing in opposite direction to thefitting at the other end of the spreader, whereby the offset perforations help produce compact closing of the umbrella,

15. An umbrella comprising an umbrella stick, ribs, and spreaders,'each of said spreaders 'comprising a pair of collaterally disposed round steel spring wires having knurled ends, and an end pivot fitting at'each end of the spreader, each of said fittings being :made of sheet brass or like rust-proof sheet metal and having a part curled around and compressed against the knurled end of one of the wires and another part curled about and compressed against the knurled end of the collateral wire, the remainder of said fitting projecting beyond the ends of the wires and being shaped to form adjacent parallel side walls which are connected by an integral web of metal, said walls being offset from the plane of the wires and perforated to receive a pivot, the fitting at one end of the spreader facing in opposite direction to the fitting at the other end of the spreader, whereby the offset perforations help produce compact closing of the umbrella.

-16. An umbrella comprising an umbrella stick, ribs, and Spreaders, each of said ribs and spreaders comprising a pair of collaterally arranged wires, end pivot fittings at the inner end of the rib and at both ends of the spreader, each of said end pivot fittings being made of sheet metal having a part curled around and compressed against the end of one of the wires and another part curled about and compressed against the end of the collateral wire, the remainder of said fitting projecting beyond the ends of the wires and being shaped to form adjacent parallel side walls which are perforated to receive a pivot, and a connector fitting clamped at an intermediate point on the rib wires and having perforated ears pivotally receiving one end pivot fitting of the spreader, said Wires being individual separate normallystraight wires lying in a plane transverse to the umbrella stick when the umbrella is open, said wires over most of their length being relatively movable for maximum fiexibilityof the structure,

17. An umbrella comprising an umbrella stick, ribs and spreaders, each of said ribs and spreaders comprising a pair of collaterally arranged round steel spring wires having knurled ends, end pivot fittings at the inner end of the rib and at both ends of the spreader, each of said end pivot fittings being made of sheet brass or like rust-proof sheet metal having a part curled around and compressed against the knurled end of one of the wires and another part curled about and compressed against the knurled end of the collateral wire,

the remainder of said fitting projecting beyond the ends of the wires and being shaped to form adjacent parallel side walls which are connected by an integral web of metal, said side walls being offset from the plane of the wires and perforated to receive a pivot, the end fitting of the rib being offset toward the umbrella stick, and the end fittings of the spreaderbeing faced in opposite direction so that the offset perforations help obtain compact closing of the umbrella.

18. An umbrella comprising an umbrella stick, ribs, and spreaders, each of said ribs and spreaders comprising a pair of collaterally arranged wires, end pivot fittings at the inner end of the rib and at both ends of the spreader, each of said end pivot fittings being made of sheet metal having a part curled around and compressed against the end of one of the wires and another part curled about and compressed against the .end of the collateral wire, the remainder of said fitting projecting beyond the ends of the wires and being shaped to form adjacent parallel side walls which are connected by an integral web of metal, said side walls being offset from the plane of the wiresand perforated to receive a pivot,

the end fitting of the ribbeing ofiset toward the umbrella stick, and the end fittings of the spreader being faced in opposite direction so that the ofiset perforations help obtain compact closing of the umbrella, and a connector fitting clamped at an intermediate point on the rib wires and having perforated ears pivotally receiving one end pivot fitting of the spreader.

19. An umbrella comprising an umbrella stick, ribs, and spreaders, each of said ribs and spreaders comprising a pair of collaterally arranged round steel spring wires having knurled ends, end

pivot fittings at the inner end of the rib and at both ends of the spreader, each of said end pivot fittings being made of sheet brass or like rust-proof sheet metal having a part curled and the end fittings of the spreader being faced in opposite direction so that the offset perforaaround and compressed against the knurled end tions help obtain compact closing of the umbrella,

a connector fitting made of sheet brass or like rust-proof metal and clamped at an intermediate point on the rib wires and having perforated ears pivotally receiving one end pivot fitting of the spreader, and an end tip fitting at the outer end of the rib, said fitting consisting of a somewhat T-shaped sheet metal body made of brass or like rust-proof metal, the upper part of the T-shaped body having one end curled around and compressed against the knurled end of one of the wires and having its other end curled around and compressed against the knurled end of the other wire while the lower part of the fitting projects beyond the ends ofthe wire and is curled to itself form a single tubular end for receiving a conventional ornamental tip.

20. An umbrella comprising an umbrella stick,

a rib retainer, ribs, a runner, and Spreaders, each of the ribs of the umbrella comprising a collaterally disposed pair of spring wires extending continuously from'the rib retainer to the tip of the rib, said wires being individual separate normally-straight wires lying in a plane transverse to the umbrella stick when the umbrella is open, said wires over most of their length being relatively movable for maximum flexibility of the structure, the resulting rib being flexible in the direction of the umbrella stick, the ribs of the umbrella being so proportioned that if the umbrella is blown inside out it may be restored to normal condition without injury by simply moving the runner downwardly on the stick.

' EDWARD OKUN. 

